"First Language Acquisition" (H. Douglas Brown)

When infants acquire a first language, they learn one of the most complex skills of their lives and they attain adult levels of skill in many domains by the age of 5 or 6. How do they learn a system that requires mastery of the sound system, a huge vocabulary, grammatical rules, meanings, and rules for usage, as well as articulatory skill, auditory discrimination, memory storage, recognition, and retrieval. What may be innate and what learned in this complex task has long intrigued psychologists, linguists and philosophers.

In the text wrote by Brown we can discriminate three different approaches about human language acquisition, he tells us about “behaviorist approaches, natives approaches and functional approaches”, and each one has influence in the language acquisition of every human. For example in one hand we can talk about behavior approach, we can find that humans get the majority of the language from the environment surrounding us while we grow up, and it means that in our relation with other people we learn grammatical structures based in our experience and not in our studies.

Now in the other hand talking about natives approach Brown tell us that This device(language)  is inside us since we are born, and it means that we have an innately way to learn and distinguish the different linguistic properties and structures. It’s very important reveal the two greatest contributions of this hypothesis in the understanding of the first language acquisition and they are: the faculty to separate the scientific method in the explanation of linguistic structures being developed in children and the description of a consistent system in the child’s language.

There are some important issues in the L1:

COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE

Competences refers to one’s underlying knowledge of a system of language (its rules of grammar, its vocabulary, all the pieces of a language and how those pieces fit together)

COMPREHENSION AND PRODUCTION

Comprehension and production can be aspects of both performance and competence. Research evidence point to the general superiority of comprehension over production.

NATURE OR NURTURE

 Nativist contends that a child is born with an innate knowledge, the innateness hypothesis presented a number of problems itself.

UNIVERSALS

Language is universally acquired in the same manners and moreover that the deep structure of language at its deepest level may be common to all languages. Maratsos enumerated some of the universal linguistic categories under investigation by a number of different researchers.

SYSTEMATICITY AND VARIABILITY

Children exhibit a remarkable ability to infer the phonological, structural, lexical and semantic system of language; it has been found that young children who have not yet mastered the past-tense morpheme tend first to learn past tenses as separate items without knowledge of the difference between regular and irregular verbs.

LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT

It is proposed by  Vygotsky claimed that social interaction, through language, is a prerequisite to cognitive development.

IMITATION

The earliest stages of child language acquisition may manifest a good deal of surface imitation since the baby may not possess the necessary semantic categories to assign “meaning” to utterances. Researches has also shown that children, when explicitly asked to repeat a sentence in a test situation, will often repeat the correct underlying deep structure with a change in the surface rendition.

PRACTICE

A Behavioristic model of first language acquisition would claim that practice is the key to the formation of habits by operant conditioning. Practice is usually thought of as referring to speaking only. But one can also think in terms of comprehension practice.

INPUT

The speech that young children hear is primarily the speech heard in home. Linguists one claimed that most adult s` speech is basically semi grammatical, that children are exposed to a chaotic sample of language.

DISCOURSE

 While conversation is a universal human activity performed routinely in the course of daily living, the means by which children learn to take part in a conversation appear to be very complex. The child learns not only how to initiate a conversation but how to respond to another’s initiating utterance.

What is Applied Linguistics?

1.      How is Language defined?

Language is a tool considered vitally important by society, in order to communicate and interact with people in everyday’s life.

2.      What is Applied Linguistic?

The AL deals with how people use the language depending on the context.

3.      Which is different in L1 and L2 Acquisition?

The main difference between L1 and L2, is that you can get L1 by only the acquiring process whilst L2 can be acquired or learnt.

4.        What are the difference between acquisition and learning?

Acquisition                                                    Learning

- Unconscious process                                              - Conscious process

- It exists exposure                                        - It does not usually exist exposure  

5.      Which factors are part of L2 learning?

Affective factors transfer (positive and negative).

6.      What is interlanguage?

When a mistake does not belong to the mother tongue neither the target language

"Language, Learning and Teaching" (H. Douglas Brown)

1- What is a permanent struggle in teaching / learning?

The struggle in teaching/learning is to reach beyond the confines of your first language and into a new language, a new culture, a new way of thinking, feeling and acting.

2- Are we equipped with a do-it-yourself-kit to acquire languages?

Language learning is not a set of easy steps that can be programmed in a quick do-it-yourself kit.  Many variables are involved in the acquisition process (social, Psychological, environment). Few if any people achieve fluency in a foreign language solely within the confines of the classroom.

3- Why do people learn or fail to learn a language?

People believe that they can learn without making mistakes. Foreign languages are foreign. They reflect a different culture, and often different values. If you commit to learning a language you can expect to make mistakes and be laughed at. You need to set yourself to hear a different set of sounds and pronounce them yourself, to think in new patterns, and to try them out. Like a child learning to ride a bike you can expect to fall many times before you get it right, but you will also get the same sense of achievement as your effort ends in success. It will be important also that the person who is in charge to teach, could know about the two cultures that students are involved.

4- Name the issues to consider in second language acquisition?

It is important to point out that the larger social and cultural contexts of second language development have a tremendous impact on second language learning, especially for immigrant students. The status of students' ethnic groups in relation to the larger culture can help or hinder the acquisition of the language of mainstream society; we have to consider who is learning and who is teaching, the experience or training of the teacher and how teacher and student interact to each other. Also we have to pay attention on what we are teaching.  The teacher needs to understand the system and functioning in order to explain it to the student. Besides that is important to know how we are going to teach that knowledge, we have to know what cognitive process are utilized in second language learning and whether the students are children or adults.  Because it is known that children know more easily than adults do. So, if we are going to teach to adults we will need more commitment.  But the key of all this process is the reason of their learning.  Why are students learning? Which are their motivations? Do they want to know about the culture? Are they motivated? Or do they do it just to pass the course?

5- What are the motivations to learn a language?

The motivations to learn a language could be the achievement of a successful career, or passing a foreign language requirement, or wishing to identify closely with the culture and people of the target language.

These motivations must be known by the teacher to encourage students to better learning. 

6- What is a paradigm?

It is a process, in which the teacher has to discover “The pieces” and then to fit the pieces together. Some of this pieces of the language have become well stablished, others are not yet discovered, and the careful defining of questions will lead to find those pieces (the task of fitting the pieces together into a “paradigm”).

7- Give 3 definitions for Language.

·                     “Language is a complex, specialized skill, which develops in the child spontaneously, without conscious effort or formal instruction, is deployed without awareness of its underlying logic, is qualitative the same in every individual, and is distinct from more general abilities to process information or behave intelligently”.

·                     “Language is a system of arbitrary conventionalized vocal, written, or gestural symbols that enable members of a given community to communicate intelligibly with one another”.

·                      “1. - Language is systematic. 2. - Language is a set of arbitrary symbols. 3. - Those symbols are primarily vocal, but may also be visual. 4. - The symbols have conventionalized meanings to which they refer. 5. - Language is used for communication. 6. - Language operates in a speech community or culture. 7. - Language is essentially human, although possibly not limited to humans. 8. - Language is acquired by all people in much the same way; language and language learning both have universal characteristics”.

8- What is the relation between language and cognition?

The teacher has to be aware of the cognition of the student in order to provide a good teaching. He should know what his student is able of, and according to that organize the class and make activities in which the student could reach the final goal.

9- Which are some LEARNING definitions?

·                     “Learning is acquiring or getting of knowledge of a subject or a skill by study, experience, or instruction”

·                     “Learning is relatively permanent change in behavioral tendency and is the result of reinforced practice”

10- Can we define TEACHING apart from learning?

Teaching cannot be defined apart from learning. Teaching is guiding and facilitating learning, enabling the learner to learn, setting the conditions for learning. 

11- What is the importance of our PEDAGOGICAL PHILOSPHY?

Pedagogical philosophy reflects our personal values and the needs of our student. It is a sign of what we expect from us as teachers. It is important because it will determine your teaching style, your approach, methods and classroom techniques based on the experience.

12- Refer to the 3 schools of thought in SLA?

Structuralism/ Behaviorism: It was said that any notion of “idea” or “meaning” is explanatory fiction, and that the speaker is merely the locus of verbal behavior. The behavioristic paradigm also focused on publicly observable responses. The “scientific method” was rigorously adhered to, as “mentalistic”, illegitimate domains of inquiry.

Rationalism and cognitive psychology: Ferdinand de Saussure (1916) claimed that there was difference between parole (performance) and langue(competence). Descriptive linguists chose largely to ignore langue and to study parole

Constructivism: Constructivists argue that all human beings construct their own version of reality, and therefore multiple contrasting ways of knowing and describing are equally legitimate

13- Describe the GTM.

The grammar translation method is a foreign language teaching method derived from the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Greek and Latin. The method requires students to translate whole texts word for word and memorize numerous grammatical rules and exceptions as well as enormous vocabulary lists. The goal of this method is to be able to read and translate literary masterpieces and classics.

"First Language Acquisition" (G. Yule)

1. - Which are two important features of the caretaker speech?

The caretakers it’s a style adopted by someone who spends a lot of time interacting with a young child; the adult tries to simplify their speech style by using exaggerated intonation, simplified words and simple sounds. However the two important features of the caretaker speech are to use simple sentences structures and a lot of repetition.

2. - What is the term used to describe the process where a child uses one word like “Ball” to refer to an apple, an egg and a ball?

That process is called holophrastic stage, This period is also called “one-word stage”, occurs between twelve and eighteen months and it is characterized by speech in which single terms are uttered for everyday objects; In this speech terms are view such as “Single unit” or “Single form” For example: The baby will call ball to everything what looks like a ball, or he will use a word to call things which are related.

3. - Why saying that children learn because they imitate is controversial?

Language is a skilled activity. In the development and acquisition of the skill, imitation may play different roles. Children make errors like saying "goed" instead of "went" or "drawed" instead of "drew". These errors are important. Because they indicate that the child cannot simply be memorizing all of the words in her or his language. Adults don't make these kinds of errors, if children are merely imitating. One explanation is that kids are building a grammar, not simply memorizing, and that such errors are indications that the children are applying a past tense "rule" to irregular verbs that they have not yet committed to memory as exceptions to the normal pattern. This is a good approach, but it doesn't square with imitation theory.

4. - Do children change behavior when they are corrected?

No. when children acquire the ability to communicate they also acquires the ability to create new words. The correction is attempted in a more subtle manner; the child will continue to use a personally constructed form. 

Example: (Fragment taken from “The study of Language” by George Yule)

Child: My teacher holded the baby rabbits.

Mother: Did you say your teacher held the baby rabbits?

Child: Yes.

Mother: What did you say she did?

Child: She holded the baby rabbits and we patted them.

5. - What is the role of feedback in children learning?

Feedback is related to the relationship between an adult and a child, when we want to acquire a language, it is important this kind of relation, because when the child want to express an idea by using just one or two words and the caretaker understand it and do not correct them, he will think the sentence will be good and he will learn it as good. So, it is important to let the children know when they are making mistakes and teach them the correct form and structure of the sentence.

What you know when you know a Language? Mind Map.

Teaching Phylosophy

When we speak about my teaching phylosophy, I would say that this opinion it is not based on my own experience, because I have not had the oportunity to do my own class, but this is based on what I have observed in my entire life.

A teacher should transform students into lifelong learners through constant development of critical-thinking skills, which emerge from thoughtfully planned activities that make students active participants in their own education. In my classroom, I will catalyze and facilitate this by  reaching my students, forming connections with them and meshing the material with their lives. I strongly believe in the importance of these connections in a classroom - between the student and the teacher, between the students themselves, and between the students and material. These, when instituted alongside careful planning and informed caring, will create an authentic learning community one that promotes mutual respect along with both intellectual and emotional development of skills.